Exoplanets and Exolife:
These works have demonstrated the power of polarimetry in the exoplanetary and protoplanetary research,
opened new opportunities for exploring exoplanetary atmospheres and life in the universe,
stimulated theoretical modeling and new measurements, and provided a novel input
for understanding highly-irradiated exoplanets.
- - First detection of visible light from an exoplanet and first exoplanet atmosphere reflectance and color characterization (Berdyugina et al. 2008, 2011);
- - New methods for determining orbital parameters of exoplanets and characterization of their atmospheres using polarimetry (Fluri & Berdyugina 2010; Kostogryz & Berdyugina 2015);
- - Novel explanation and first modeling of absorptive polarization in protoplanetary disks using optical pumping revealing clumps in most inner parts of the disk (Kuhn et al. 2007);
- - Novel biosignatures for remote detection of life based on linear polarization due to photosynthetic biopigment absorption (lab measurements and modeling, Berdyugina et al. 2016);
- - A novel, safe approach to detecting extraterrestrial civilizations using thermodynamic signatures similar to human urban heat islands (Kuhn & Berdyugina 2015).
- - Discovery of an inner Solar system material in the Oort cloud (Meech et al. 2016)
- - Modeling scattering polarization from highly-irradiated exoplanetary atmospheres (Berdyugina 2016)
- - An advanced model of space weathering of hot super-Earths allowing evaluating detectability of their exospheres (Yoneda et al. 2017)
- - Overview of direct and indirect techniques for imaging exoplanetary surfaces (Berdyugina et al. 2018)
- - Characterization of dimming events of the Boyajian star (Boyajian et a. 2018)
- - An advanced inversion technique to spatially resolve surface structures on exoplanets and detect life colonies using reflected light curves measured in different colors (Berdyugina & Kuhn 2019).
- - Predicting UV Helium exosphere of Mercury (Yoneda et al. 2021)
- - Characterization of asteroids using multi-band polarimetry (Belskaya et al. 2021)
- - A review of prospects for searching for technosignatures of extraterrestrial civilizations (Haqq-Misra et al. 2022)
Molecules in magnetic fields:
These theoretical works have established a new field in astrophysics and created a vast potential for exploring magnetic fields and unresolved spatial inhomogeneities in cool astrophysical environments.
- - A new numerical approach for calculating the Zeeman effect in diatomic molecules for the intermediate momenta coupling case for terms of any multiplicity (Berdyugina & Solanki 2002);
- - Theory of polarized radiative transfer for molecular lines in the presence of magnetic fields in stellar atmospheres and a systematic analysis of diagnostic capabilities of molecular lines for studying the magnetic and thermal structure of sunspots, starspots, and cool stars and substellar objects (Berdyugina et al. 2003);
- - Theory of polarized scattering of radiation by molecules and explanation of the enigmatic behaviour of molecular scattering polarization in the solar spectrum (Berdyugina et al. 2002);
- - Theory of the molecular Paschen-Back effect for different momenta coupling cases (Berdyugina et al. 2005);
- - Theory of the molecular Hanle effect in the Paschen-Back regime (Shapiro et al. 2006).
Solar Magnetism:
These results opened a new prospective for studying the structure of solar magnetic fields on a wide range of scales, from unresolved turbulent fields and small-scale magnetic elements to sunspots.
- - First measurements and modeling of Stokes profiles of MgH, TiO, CN, CaH, FeH and CrH observed in sunspots and cool stars (Berdyugina et al. 2000, 2001, 2006; Afram et al. 2007, 2008; Kuzmychov & Berdyugina 2013);
- - Explanation of puzzling opposite polarities of infrared OH lines observed in sunspots (Berdyugina & Solanki 2001);
- - Proposed a novel UV OH filter for imaging the solar surface, flown on the Sunrise balloon mission in June 2009 (Hirzberger et al. 2010; Riethmüller et al. 2014);
- - First 3D structure of sunspots from simultaneous inversions of atomic and molecular Stokes profiles (Mathew et al. 2003, 2004; Berdyugina 2011);
- - First detection of the Hanle effect and solar turbulent magnetic fields in molecular lines (Berdyugina & Fluri 2004; Shapiro et al. 2007);
- - Discovery of surprisingly homogeneous and ubiquitous weak fields (Kleint et al. 2010ab, 2011);
- - Explained puzzling brightening of magnetic flux concentrations using realistic ab initio radiative MHD simulations and CH line formation in the solar atmosphere (Schüssler et al. 2003);
- - Designed a novel narrow-band filter centered at the TiO band head for exploring the fine structure of sunspots (Berger & Berdyugina 2003), which is employed at SST (La Palma), NST (Big Bear), and accepted for the 4m DKIST, Maui;
- - Discovered persistent (for ~120 years) sunspot active longitudes migrating due to differential rotation and changes of mean spot latitudes and alternating their activity level with a previously unknown 3.7-yr cycle (Berdyugina & Usoskin 2003; Usoskin et al. 2005; Berdyugina et al. 2006)
- - First demonstration that small-scale magnetic fields in the quiet Sun evolve like Markov chains and have theoretical maximum enthropy limit depending on their complexity (Gorobets et al. 2016, 2017)
- - Detection of spatial variations of scattering polarization on the Sun (Bianda et al. 2018, Dhara et al. 2019)
- - Discovery of the stochastic entropy production relation in the quite Sun magnetic fields (Gorobets & Berdyugina 2019)
- - New approach to measuring the magnetic origins of solar flares, coronal mass ejections, and space weather with UV spectropolarimetry (Judge et al. 2021)
- - Novel applications of Machine Learning techniques for classification of solar granulation (Diaz Castillo et al. 2022)
- - Science cases for the European Solar Telescope (Quintero Noda et al. 2022)
Stellar Magnetism:
These results have stimulated and provided new constraints for 3D modeling of solar and stellar magnetic dynamo mechanisms and their evolution.
- - A novel Doppler Imaging (DI) technique for mapping stellar surfaces based on the advanced inversion method called Occamian approach (Berdyugina 1998);
- - Time-series of temperature maps of very active stars and investigation of spot evolution and stellar activity cycles (Berdyugina et al. 1998, 1999, 2000; Berdyugina & Marsden 2006; Järvinen et al. 2007, 2008; Korhonen 1999, 2008);
- - Discovery of permanent active longitudes and a new type of activity cycles (flip-flop cycles) on very active binary and single stars (Berdyugina & Tuominen 1998; Berdyugina et al. 2002; Korhonen et al. 2002; Järvinen et al. 2005ab);
- - Novel interpretation of stellar activity cycles in terms of dynamo modes (Fluri & Berdyugina 2004);
- - First detailed modeling of broad-band polarization in molecular bands of the unique magnetic white dwarf G99-37 (Berdyugina et al. 2007);
- - Discovery of the second magnetic white dwarf with CH molecular bands (Vornanen et al. 2010);
- - First detection of molecular polarization from unresolved starspots (Berdyugina et al. 2006);
- - First stellar butterfly diagram (Berdyugina & Henry 2006);
- - First 3D Zeeman-Doppler image of an M dwarf obtained from simultaneous inversions of atomic and molecular Stokes profiles (Berdyugina 2011);
- - First detection of magnetic fields brown dwarfs (Berdyugina et al. 2017, Kuzmychov et al. 2017)
- - New MHD simulations of small-scale magnetic fields on cool stars (Salhab et al. 2018)
- - Prediction of scattering polarization from cool stars with starspots (Yakobchuk & Berdyugina 2018)
- - Characterization of the complexity of magnetic fields on red dwarfs (Afram & Berdyugina 2019)
- - Interferometric detection of the inner dust shell in Betelgeuse (Haubois et al. 2019)
- - Discovery of magnetic white dwarfs using continuum circular polarimetry (Berdyugin et al. 2021)
- - A study of stellar contamination on exoplanet transmission spectroscopy (Rackham et al. 2022)
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